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Maroon (people)
Maroons (from the Latin American Spanish word ''cimarrón'': "feral animal, fugitive, runaway") were African refugees who escaped from slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements. The term can also be applied to their descendants.
== History ==
In the New World, as early as 1512, black slaves escaped from Spanish and Portuguese captors and either joined indigenous peoples or eked out a living on their own.〔("Sir Francis Drake Revived" in ''Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14'' paragraph 21 ).〕 Sir Francis Drake enlisted several ''cimarrones'' during his raids on the Spanish.〔("Sir Francis Drake Revived" in ''Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14'' paragraph 101 ).〕 As early as 1655, runaway slaves had formed their own communities in inland Jamaica, and by the 18th century, Nanny Town and other villages began to fight for independent recognition.〔Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), ''The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal'', Granby, MA: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-148-1.〕
When runaway slaves banded together and subsisted independently they were called Maroons. On the Caribbean islands, runaway slaves formed bands and on some islands formed armed camps. Maroon communities faced great odds to survive against white attackers, obtain food for subsistence living, and to reproduce and increase their numbers. As the planters took over more land for crops, the Maroons began to vanish on the small islands. Only on some of the larger islands were organized Maroon communities able to thrive by growing crops and hunting. Here they grew in number as more slaves escaped from plantations and joined their bands. Seeking to separate themselves from whites, the Maroons gained in power and amid increasing hostilities, they raided and pillaged plantations and harassed planters until the planters began to fear a massive slave revolt.
The early Maroon communities were usually displaced. By 1700, Maroons had disappeared from the smaller islands. Survival was always difficult as the Maroons had to fight off attackers as well as attempt to grow food.〔 One of the most influential Maroons was François Mackandal, a houngan, or voodoo priest, who led a six-year rebellion against the white plantation owners in Haiti that preceded the Haitian Revolution.
In Cuba, there were maroon communities in the mountains, where African refugees who escaped the brutality of slavery and joined refugee Taínos.〔Aimes, Hubert H. S. (1967), ''A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868'', New York: Octagon Books.〕 Before roads were built into the mountains of Puerto Rico, heavy brush kept many escaped maroons hidden in the southwestern hills where many also intermarried with the natives. Escaped Africans sought refuge away from the coastal plantations of Ponce. 〔(''The Hispanic American Historical Review'', Vol. 66, No. 2 (May 1986), pp. 381–82. )〕
Remnants of these communities remain to this day (2006) for example in Viñales, Cuba,〔("El Templo de los Cimarrónes" Guerrillero: Pinar del Río ) in Spanish〕 and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.
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